CALIPSO is an international research project funded through a gift from the Virtual Earth System Research Institute (VESRI), an initiative of Schmidt Futures. This ambitious multi-year project, co-led by the Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement, the University of Exeter and the University of East Anglia, is aimed at understanding the fate of future CO2 and climate change through a new representation of carbon loss pathways from plants, soils and ocean, by leveraging novel observations, theoretical understanding, machine learning tools and integration of processes with Earth system models.